removal of lead ions from industrial wastewater: a review of removal methods

background and aims: the removing of (potential) toxic heavy metal ions from sewage, especially in industrial and mining waste effluents, has been widely studied in recent years. the aim of present study was to investigate the various methods for lead removal of lead ions from industrial wastewater. methods: this study was a review research. data were collected through different databases in various articles. the various methods for lead removal from industrial wastewater were compared to each other. results: the present study showed the various methods for lead removal from industrial wastewater including chemical precipitation, electrochemical reduction, ion exchange, reverse osmosis, membrane separation, and adsorption. technical applicability, plant simplicity and cost-effectiveness are the key factors that play major roles in the selection of the most suitable treatment system for inorganic effluents. conclusions: adsorption is proposed as an economical and effective method for the retention of lead ions from aqueous industrial wastes because it is simple, effective and economic in removal of heavy metals from aqueous solution.